(C) HPLC contour view of the DMBQ standard, showing that the retention time matches that of the unknown peak in panel A. Plant growth regulators, salicylic acid (SA) and putrescine (Put), were applied on 25 days old seedlings just prior to the induction of drought stress. These important metabolites included different amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohol, amines, organic acids, fatty acids and other intermediate compounds. The gels were documented using the Uvitec system (Cambridge, UK). The sensitivity of the method was considered in terms of limit of detection (LOD). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213040.s001. Incorporation of meta-methoxylated aromatics into the metabolism of an appropriate, genetically tractable microorganism could provide a promising and efficient route for monolignol valorization through the identification and optimization of the biochemical pathways involved. No, Is the Subject Area "Chlorophyll" applicable to this article? However, although the ability of microorganisms to degrade MCPA can be exploited to develop cost-effective and eco-friendly bioremediation technology, this process might be very slow in some cases, such as in acidic soil or at the low temperatures characteristic of a temperate climate. This is consistent with the above-mentioned finding that SA008.1.07 uses the BAD pathway for 4-HBA metabolism (18). A strong negative correlation (p ≤ 0.05) of AUDPC to spot blotch-induced H2O2 (B) and SOD (D) contents was observed, whereas MDA (F) was positively correlated to disease progression. Nature 411, 826–833. J. The root and shoot dry weights were measured after 25 days of drought stress imposition [42]. The consortium of PGRs and PGPRs also significantly enhanced the accumulation of glyceric acid, disaccharide, saccharic acid, aminophenol and 5-oxo-L-proline at both time points in the tolerant genotype (Fig 2B). The expression plasmid pBRVanARB does not impart syringic acid-degrading activity when inserted into wild-type strain CGA009 (A9/pBRvanARB; gray). (A) R. palustris SAΔvan (red), a mutant culture of SA008.1.07 (black) with the vanARB operon deleted, does not grow on syringic acid. NOTE: We request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article, and that it is not junk mail. The extract was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 min. PLoS ONE 11:e0167702. Analytical tests.For chemical analysis, samples were taken periodically by aseptically piercing a rubber septum and withdrawing 200 μl of liquid culture. Mol. Impact Factor 4.402 | CiteScore 7.8More on impact ›, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB), Spain. Strain SA008.1.07 had the highest syringic acid transformation and was selected for further study. Physiol. There was also the apparent degradation of DMBQ in these cultures (Fig. All authors read and approved the MS. We acknowledge the help of South Eastern Center for Integrative Metabolomics (SECIM) for providing the greenhouse and laboratory facility for conducting the experiment and metabolomics analysis and acknowledge the help of Dr. Fredy Altpeter to allow us to use lyophilizer and TissueLyser. In the same manner, plasmid pBRvanAB was constructed by assembly of the pBBR1MCS-5 vector with the vanA and vanB genes amplified from SA008.1.07 genomic DNA, confirmed, and transformed into SAΔvan. It is plausible that fine-tuning between ROS and SOD may help to protect the plants from oxidative damage and may help to confer resistance to wheat against spot blotch. We thankfully acknowledge the financial support by the CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT Competitive Grants Initiative, CIMMYT and the CGIAR, A4031.09.10 (SP) and A4031.09.07 (RC). Alves, M. J., Ferreira, I. C., Froufe, H. J., Abreu, R. M., Martins, A., and Pintado, M. (2013). SA and syringic acid share structural similarity as both are the derivatives of C6C1 phenolic compounds. All the plant material collected and used in this study is summarized in Table 1A. In addition, it has been hypothesized that the structural similarity of selected xenobiotics and PSMs may have a profound impact on the biodegradation of given, structurally-related xenobiotics (Musilova et al., 2016; Hu et al., 2014). On the contrary, lactic acid, L-carnitine, isocytosine, and phenylpyruvate were accumulated significantly in sensitive genotypes at both times. SA evidenced to provide tolerance in plants against different abiotic stresses, such as heat, salinity, heavy metal toxicity, and drought [15]. J. Zachary Oshlag was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award number T32GM008349. Physiol. A strong positive correlation of MDA content and AUDPC was observed (r = 0.74; P ≤ 0.05; Figure 2F). A strong inverse correlation between Bipolaris-induced SA accumulation and disease progression was observed. Biophys. Elżbieta Mierzejewska conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper. 1). The present experiment comprised 2 different treatments; plants under drought stress treated with 3 PGPRs (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus megaterium) and 2 PGRs (salicylic acid and putrescine) designated as “consortium”, and plants under drought stress without PGPRs and PGRs treatment and designated as “drought”. Rev. Detection of tfdA Class II demonstrated the greatest (2.5-fold) increase, while tfdA Class III showed the smallest (1.7-fold) increase when PSM was added (Table 3). No, Is the Subject Area "Drought adaptation" applicable to this article? In order to obtain sterile samples, the MSM was filtered through a microbiological Corning™ Disposable Vacuum Filter (0.22 µL). Solid lines show growth (in Klett units) (●), dashed lines track the concentrations of syringic acid (□), and dotted lines track the DMBQ concentration (Δ). Photoheterotrophic degradation of syringic acid by R. palustris strains SA008.1.07 (blue), SAΔbadE (red), and SAΔhbaB (gray). doi: 10.1104/pp.112.212803, Zadoks, J. C., Chang, T. T., and Konzak, C. F. (1974). The primers used for generating gene deletion mutants are shown in Table 6. A., Wang, H., Subramanyam, S., Zheng, C., et al. Overall, our previous observations and the data presented here show that SA and syringic acid are important components of spot blotch resistance (Sahu et al., 2016b; reference herein). The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw data is available in Files S1 and S2. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2006, Zhou et al. Kumar, J., Schäfer, P., Hückelhoven, R., Langen, G., Baltruschat, H., Stein, E., et al. Acad. The badE coding region, 350 bp of the 3′ end of badD, and 350 bp of the 5′ end of badF were deleted from pS202badE by PCR with phosphorylated primers. Table 1. “Leaf blight disease and associated soil-borne fungal pathogens of wheat in South and South East Asia,” in Helminthosporium Blights of Wheat: Spot Blotch and Tan Spot, eds. Briefly, 500 g of soil was sieved through a 2 mm sieve and poured over with 1.5 L of water. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01327.x, Govrin, E. M., and Levine, A. Lipid peroxidation was estimated as the MDA content, determined by the method of Heath and Packer (1968). Our study also creates a link between pathogen-induced expressions in metabolites, as a trait, to the variation in agro-physiological parameters of plant performance under field conditions (Supplementary Table 1). The seeds were subsequently washed in autoclaved distilled water. 79, 82–100. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database (http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/pathway.html) was also used for the metabolites that were not found in the Arabidopsis pathway libraries. All chemicals for medium preparation were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH) or Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) at purities suitable for molecular biology. 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