Several B vitamins and other dietary minerals are in significant content. In particular, spring fertilizers, herbicides, fungicides, and growth regulators are typically applied only at specific stages of plant development. [8] In addition to gaps in farming system technology and knowledge, some large wheat grain-producing countries have significant losses after harvest at the farm and because of poor roads, inadequate storage technologies, inefficient supply chains and farmers' inability to bring the produce into retail markets dominated by small shopkeepers. In temperate countries the flag leaf, along with the second and third highest leaf on the plant, supply the majority of carbohydrate in the grain and their condition is paramount to yield formation.
Q = Quality of Protein in terms of completeness without adjusting for digestability. The standard method of breeding inbred wheat cultivars is by crossing two lines using hand emasculation, then selfing or inbreeding the progeny. The origins of formal wheat breeding lie in the nineteenth century, when single line varieties were created through selection of seed from a single plant noted to have desired properties. [99][98] Other diseases triggered by eating wheat are non-coeliac gluten sensitivity[99][15] (estimated to affect 0.5% to 13% of the general population[100]), gluten ataxia, and dermatitis herpetiformis. Whole grain wheat berries are hard and thus, take a while to cook.
Chinese Spring (CS42) were sequenced in Roche 454 pyrosequencer using GS FLX Titanium and GS FLX+ platforms to generate 85 Gb of sequence (220 million reads) and identified between 94,000 and 96,000 genes. [79][10], In 100 grams, wheat provides 1,370 kilojoules (327 kilocalories) of food energy and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of multiple essential nutrients, such as protein, dietary fiber, manganese, phosphorus and niacin (table). For quicker cooking, soak wheat berries overnight first. Wheat is widely cultivated as a cash crop because it produces a good yield per unit area, grows well in a temperate climate even with a moderately short growing season, and yields a versatile, high-quality flour that is widely used in baking. C raw hard red winter wheat [120], In the rapidly developing countries of Asia and Africa, westernization of diets associated with increasing prosperity is leading to growth in per capita demand for wheat at the expense of the other food staples. [88], The most common forms of wheat are white and red wheat. Birds will eat wheat, as will rodents, such as mice and rats. [21], Remains of harvested emmer from several sites near the Karacadag Range have been dated to between 8600 (at Cayonu) and 8400 BCE (Abu Hureyra), that is, in the Neolithic period. [55], Synthetic hexaploids made by crossing the wild goatgrass wheat ancestor Aegilops tauschii and various durum wheats are now being deployed, and these increase the genetic diversity of cultivated wheats.
[120] The largest importers of wheat in 2016 were, in order of imported quantities: Indonesia (10.5 million tonnes), Egypt (8.7 million tonnes), Algeria (8.2 million tonnes), Italy (7.7 million tonnes) and Spain (7.0 million tonnes). [78][98] Coeliac disease affects about 1% of the general population in developed countries. In Canada different varieties are blended prior to sale. Young wheat crop in a field near Solapur, Maharashtra, India, A combine harvester threshes the wheat, crushes the chaff, then blows chaff across the field. [101][102][103], Other proteins present in wheat called amylase-trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) have been identified as the possible activator of the innate immune system in coeliac disease and non-coeliac gluten sensitivity. [44], In traditional agricultural systems wheat populations often consist of landraces, informal farmer-maintained populations that often maintain high levels of morphological diversity. [68] These have three sets of paired chromosomes, three times as many as in diploid wheat. Most breads are made with wheat flour, including many breads named for the other grains they contain, for example, most rye and oat breads.
Technological advances in soil preparation and seed placement at planting time, use of crop rotation and fertilizers to improve plant growth, and advances in harvesting methods have all combined to promote wheat as a viable crop. [6][89][90], Consumed worldwide by billions of people, wheat is a significant food for human nutrition, particularly in the least developed countries where wheat products are primary foods. [117], In the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, as well as North China, irrigation has been a major contributor to increased grain output. Do you ever think i'll meet Jessie mACARTNY? [99][98] There is evidence that most cases remain undiagnosed and untreated. [41] Root growth is likely to be prioritised in drought-adapted crops, while stem non-structural carbohydrate is prioritised in varieties developed for countries where disease is a bigger issue. Leaves emerge from the shoot apical meristem in a telescoping fashion until the transition to reproduction ie. This article is about the plant. [98], While coeliac disease is caused by a reaction to wheat proteins, it is not the same as a wheat allergy. Basic physiological investigation of these gas exchange processes has yielded valuable carbon isotope based methods that are used for breeding wheat varieties with improved water-use efficiency. These must be sprouted, or prepared and cooked as appropriate for human consumption. On threshing, the chaff breaks up, releasing the grains.
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